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Roman Water Main from Augusta Raurica

Roman Water Main from Augusta Raurica

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The Roman city of Augusta Raurica

Our remit is to protect the Roman town of Augusta Raurica from destruction, to research and document it and to make it accessible to the public.

Augusta Raurica is one of the best-preserved Roman towns north of the Alps. It is therefore an important place of research, a monument of international appeal and thus draws a huge number of visitors. As an attractive place of relaxation Augusta Raurica is an important tourist destination for the region.

The staff at Augusta Raurica work under the legal remit to protect this cultural heritage from destruction, to research it by scientific means, and to record and examine the archaeological finds and features. It is also our duty to conserve the finds according to the latest research standards and to make them accessible to the public. In order to achieve this we rely on close collaboration between the various members of the team who possess a vast array of knowledge and skills from different areas of expertise.

Augusta Raurica ist eine Hauptabteilung des Amts für Kultur der Bildungs- Kultur- und Sportdirektion Basel-Landschaft.

Seit 2018 wird Augusta Raurica mit jährlichen Betriebsbeiträgen des Bundesamts für Kultur der schweizerischen Eidgenossenschaft unterstützt.

Opening hours

Museum an Roman House
For registered school classes / groups: Mon – Fri: 9am – 12pm
For individual visitors / families: Mon – Fri: 1 – 5pm
Sat – Sun: 10am – 5pm

Closed on 24th, 25th, 31st December and 1st January

Animal park and Protected Houses
Daily from 10am – 5pm

Closed on 24th, 25th, 31st December and 1st January

Outdoor areas
Open 24 hours / 365 days

Address

AUGUSTA RAURICA
Giebenacherstrasse 17
CH-4302 Augst

Admission fees

Outdoor areas, monuments, sites and Animal park
Free admission

Museum Augusta Raurica incl. Roman House
Full price: CHF 8.-
Reduced Rate: CHF 6.-
All admission fees and discounts


The Silver treasure at the museum

58 kg of pure silver, made into 270 Objects including platters, spoons, coins and much more: the silver treasure from Augusta Raurica is one of the most valuable and most important antique treasures ever found.

Its owners were high-ranking supporters of the emperor. Besides private gifts the silver treasure also included personal gifts from the emperor. He presented these to his subjects to ensure their loyalty and to consolidate friendly relationships.

The value of the silver treasure at the time was enormous: it was worth as much as the annual pay of 230 legionaries. And in the end all of it was owned by one or perhaps two high-ranking army officers. Around AD 351 they buried the treasure at the Castrum Rauracense: a precautionary measure taken because of the internal power struggles and the outside threat posed by Germanic incursions, which at the time were considered imminent. The treasure was never retrieved – until a mechanical excavator uncovered it during construction work in 1961. The objects were discovered by chance in the spring of 1962. 18 artefacts, however, did not resurface until 1995.


Contents

Further Roman crank and connecting rod mechanisms, without gear train, are archaeologically attested for the 6th century AD water-powered stone sawmills at Gerasa, Jordan, [4] and Ephesus, Turkey. [5] A fourth sawmill possibly existed at Augusta Raurica, Switzerland, where a metal crankshaft from the 2nd century AD has been excavated. [6]

Literary references to water-powered marble saws in Trier, now Germany, can be found in Ausonius' late 4th century AD poem Mosella. About the same time, they also seem to be indicated by the Christian saint Gregory of Nyssa from Anatolia, demonstrating a diversified use of water-power in many parts of the Roman Empire. [7]

The three finds push back the date of the invention of the crank and connecting rod mechanism by a full millennium [8] for the first time, all essential components of the much later steam engine were assembled by one technological culture:

With the crank and connecting rod system, all elements for constructing a steam engine (invented in 1712) — Hero's aeolipile (generating steam power), the cylinder and piston (in metal force pumps), non-return valves (in water pumps), gearing (in water mills and clocks) — were known in Roman times. [9]


Ancient sites similar to or like Augusta Raurica

Located in north-west Switzerland beside the river at Kaiseraugst, a short distance to the east of Basel. Plans to build and operate the power plant were the subject of increasingly high-profile controversy over many years. Wikipedia

Part of the Roman Republic and Empire for a period of about six centuries, beginning with the step-by-step conquest of the area by Roman armies from the 2nd century BC and ending with the decline of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century AD. Smoothly integrated into the prospering Empire, and its population assimilated into the wider Gallo-Roman culture by the 2nd century AD, as the Romans enlisted the native aristocracy to engage in local government, built a network of roads connecting their newly established colonial cities and divided up the area among the Roman provinces. Wikipedia

City in northwestern Switzerland on the river Rhine. Switzerland's third-most-populous city with about 180,000 inhabitants. Wikipedia


References Edit

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Archäologie und Forschung

Dieses Buch handelt in Wort und Bild vom traditionellen Metallhandwerk, das die Schöpfer religiöser buddhistischer Statuen in Nepal seit über 1000 Jahren ausüben. Die kunsthandwerklichen Fertigkeiten werden mit grossem Bewusstsein für die Tradition gepflegt – sowohl in religiöser und ikonographischer als auch in technologischer Hinsicht. Die der Volksgruppe der Newar angehörenden Spezialisten sind Wachsmodelleure, Formenbauer, Giesser, Ziseleure und Feuervergolder. Ihre Arbeit zeichnet sich – teilweise bis heute – durch eine innige Mischung aus uralter Technologie, grossem Geschick, Religiosität und Kontemplation aus.

Bücher und Ausstellungskataloge zur buddhistischen Religion, Kunst und Ikonographie gibt es sehr viele. Zum handwerklichen Aspekt der Künstler, welche die religiösen Bildnisse im Metallguss schaffen, fehlte jedoch eine umfassende Dokumentation mit einem historischen Rückblick auf die Entwicklung dieser «archaischen» Technologien. Der fundierte Text und der umfangreiche Bildteil stellen die einzige aktuelle und komplette Dokumentation eines wohl aussterbenden, 1300 Jahre alten Kunsthandwerks dar: der «rituellen» Herstellung von buddhistischen Statuen im cire-perdue-Guss («Wachsausschmelz-
verfahren»).

Der Autor Dr. Alex R. Furger ist Archäologe und erforscht seit vier Jahrzehnten die antike Metallurgie und alte metallverarbeitende Techniken. Während 25 Jahren hat er die Römerstadt Augusta Raurica geleitet und lebt in Basel (Schweiz). Er ist Autor von über 130 Artikeln in Fachzeitschriften und zwölf kulturgeschichtlichen Büchern. Für die Feldstudien zu diesem Band war er wiederholt in Nepal und hat dort Dutzende von Kunsthandwerkern in ihren Werkstätten besucht und befragt.

Download “The gilded Buddha” in high resolution (167 MB): http://edoc.unibas.ch/56018/

This book celebrates in words and images the traditional metal crafts practised for over a thousand years by the creators of religious Buddhist statues in Nepal. The skills of these artisans are nurtured with deep respect for tradition, regarding religion, iconography and technology. Wax modellers, mould makers, casters, fire-gilders and chasers are among the specialists of the Newar ethnic group, whose work is characterised to this day by a melding of age-old technology, great skill, religious observance and contemplation. There are numerous books and exhibition catalogues dedicated to Buddhist art and iconography but little was available about the craft of the artists who turn the religious imagery into metal casts. This book fills this gap, with a thoroughly documented and historical account of the development of this “archaic” technology. The well-informed text and comprehensive photographic coverage constitute the only up-to-date account and full documentation of an art that is 1300 years old but dying out: the “ritual” production of Buddhist statues in the lost wax casting technique.
The author, Dr. Alex Furger, is an archaeologist who has studied ancient metallurgy and metalworking techniques over the past four decades. He spent twenty-five years at the head of the Roman site of Augusta Raurica and lives in Basel (Switzerland). He is the author of over 130 articles in scientific journals and twelve books in the field of culture history. The fieldwork for this book led him repeatedly to Nepal, where he met and interviewed dozens of craftsmen in their workshops.

A completely preserved casting mould, 128 mm in height, was excavated in 1966 in the Roman town of Augusta Raurica. The pear-shaped hollow body is made of sandy, low-fired clay, but was never filled with molten metal. A three-dimensional x-ray microtomographic imaging provided the negative of a crouched down divinity to be cast in this mould, like they are known from some Roman bronze lamps. The article lists a number of these rare hollow moulds of the “cire perdue”-technique which have – for reasons we cannot reconstruct – never been used by pouring metal in them and not broken up. - - -

Wir dürfen dankbar sein, dass uns Archäologen
heute die Physik millimetergenaue
Methoden zur Verfügung stellt, die es erlauben,
in das verborgene Innere unserer Fundobjekte
zu « schauen ». Damit geben sich einerseits
Materialstrukturen und verborgene Schichten
zu erkennen, die konventionell nur mit objektzerstörenden
Schnitten sichtbar gemacht werden
könnten. Andererseits lassen sich digital
errechnete plastische Körper von Hohlräumen
darstellen, die nur durch Ausgiessen und Zerstören
des Fundgegenstandes zu erlangen wären.
Computertomographisches Schichtröntgen und
« Neutron Scattering and Imaging » erlauben es
erfreulicherweise, ohne Beeinträchtigung oder
gar Zerstörung der Originale deren Strukturen
zu erforschen.


Roman Glass

The glass assemblage retrieved in the Western Wall Plaza excavations can now be added to the Roman glass corpus excavated in the Jewish Quarter (Gorin-Rosen 2003, 2006b Israeli and Katsnelson 2006 Israeli 2010), and further enhances our knowledge of the glass vessels used in Jerusalem during this period, especially between the First Jewish and Bar Kokhba Revolts (70–132 CE). Several of the vessels presented here appear for the first time in a secure archaeological context in Jerusalem, shedding light on the geographical distribution of these types and the people and communities who used them.

Eighty-three representative diagnostic vessel fragments and inlays were studied (Figs. 2.1–2.12), and are presented here in catalogue form according to their stratigraphic context and typology. The majority of the finds, apart from two small assemblages from later fills in drainage channels, originate in the burnt deposits in the large Early Roman quarry (L8170), dated to c. 75–125 CE and referred to as the ‘Roman refuse dump’ (Weksler-Bdolah 2019b:40–44).


Under Roman influence

Between the 1st century BC and the first decade AD, the area covered by present-day Switzerland was gradually incorporated into the Roman Empire. Roman rule ended in 401 AD, but Roman structures remained in parts of Switzerland until the early Middle Ages.

Pre-Roman period

The Romans in Switzerland

Life under Roman rule

When it was under Roman domination, Switzerland was not a single political entity. The area was divided into five Roman provinces. Roman rule was not oppressive. When a new province was conquered, the local authorities retained their functions and their standing and the population was Romanised step by step. Although the official language was Latin, the vernacular remained a Celtic dialect.
The Romans built towns as administrative centres, where they also set up schools in which Latin was the language of instruction. It was only as the impact of this education spread into the countryside that Latin gradually replaced Celtic.
The area that is now Switzerland was an important transit route under the Romans, who improved and maintained the roads over several of the passes. Towns were built along the main transport routes. The three most important of these were Aventicum (Avenches, where two major trade routes crossed), Augusta Raurica (Augst, on the Rhine near Basel) and Colonia Julia Equestris (Nyon, on Lake Geneva).
Octodurum (Martigny) became an important administrative centre, while Genava (Geneva) gained great importance as a transit point for goods being transferred from water to road.


By 260 AD, Roman Switzerland had experienced an economic and cultural boom. The acculturation between the Celtic tradition and the new Mediterranean influences was free of conflict. Urbanisation and the construction of numerous roads led to new ideas and lifestyles becoming prevalent, such as the many public baths, which were built even in the small vici (villages). The vicus Lousonna (Lausanne), for example, owed its importance, not to its political rank, but solely to its economic prosperity. Other excavated vici were Aquae Helveticae (Baden AG) and Lenzburg, Bern-Enge peninsula, Turicum (Zurich) and Vitudurum (Winterthur). Vici known by name are Viviscus (Vevey), Uromagus (Oron-la-Ville), Pennelocus (Villeneuve) and Tasgetium (Eschenz).
In late antiquity, Switzerland once again became a border area. Emperor Diocletian’s reorganisation of the Roman provinces in the 3rd century resulted in northern Switzerland being assigned to the new province of Maxima Sequanorum, and a tight chain of fortified towns, forts and watchtowers being set up along the Rhine (Danube-Iller-Rhine limit). After the Goth invasion of the Western Roman Empire, all Roman troops were withdrawn from areas north of the Alps in 401 in order to protect Italy and thus they gave up control of Switzerland.


Under Roman influence

Between the 1st century BC and the first decade AD, the area covered by present-day Switzerland was gradually incorporated into the Roman Empire. Roman rule ended in 401 AD, but Roman structures remained in parts of Switzerland until the early Middle Ages.

Pre-Roman period

The Romans in Switzerland

Life under Roman rule

When it was under Roman domination, Switzerland was not a single political entity. The area was divided into five Roman provinces. Roman rule was not oppressive. When a new province was conquered, the local authorities retained their functions and their standing and the population was Romanised step by step. Although the official language was Latin, the vernacular remained a Celtic dialect.
The Romans built towns as administrative centres, where they also set up schools in which Latin was the language of instruction. It was only as the impact of this education spread into the countryside that Latin gradually replaced Celtic.
The area that is now Switzerland was an important transit route under the Romans, who improved and maintained the roads over several of the passes. Towns were built along the main transport routes. The three most important of these were Aventicum (Avenches, where two major trade routes crossed), Augusta Raurica (Augst, on the Rhine near Basel) and Colonia Julia Equestris (Nyon, on Lake Geneva).
Octodurum (Martigny) became an important administrative centre, while Genava (Geneva) gained great importance as a transit point for goods being transferred from water to road.


By 260 AD, Roman Switzerland had experienced an economic and cultural boom. The acculturation between the Celtic tradition and the new Mediterranean influences was free of conflict. Urbanisation and the construction of numerous roads led to new ideas and lifestyles becoming prevalent, such as the many public baths, which were built even in the small vici (villages). The vicus Lousonna (Lausanne), for example, owed its importance, not to its political rank, but solely to its economic prosperity. Other excavated vici were Aquae Helveticae (Baden AG) and Lenzburg, Bern-Enge peninsula, Turicum (Zurich) and Vitudurum (Winterthur). Vici known by name are Viviscus (Vevey), Uromagus (Oron-la-Ville), Pennelocus (Villeneuve) and Tasgetium (Eschenz).
In late antiquity, Switzerland once again became a border area. Emperor Diocletian’s reorganisation of the Roman provinces in the 3rd century resulted in northern Switzerland being assigned to the new province of Maxima Sequanorum, and a tight chain of fortified towns, forts and watchtowers being set up along the Rhine (Danube-Iller-Rhine limit). After the Goth invasion of the Western Roman Empire, all Roman troops were withdrawn from areas north of the Alps in 401 in order to protect Italy and thus they gave up control of Switzerland.

Watch the video: Augusta Raurica (November 2024).

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